Helgoland Marine Research is an open access, peer reviewed journal, publishing original research as well as reviews on all aspects of marine and brackish water ecosystems, with a focus on how organisms survive in, and interact with, their environment. The aim of Helgoland Marine Research is to publish work with a regional focus, but with clear global implications, or vice versa; research with global emphasis and regional ramifications. We are particularly interested in contributions that further our general understanding of how marine ecosystems work, and that concentrate on species’ interactions.